Albeit, governments have instituted strong containment measures in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns of continuous local spread and economic impact of the virus are impacting global food chains and food security. This paper investigates the effect of concern about the i) local spread and ii) economic impact of COVID-19, on the change in the amount of food and necessities bought in twelve Sub-Sahara African countries. In addition, we examine if these effects are channeled through food worries.

Abstract

Bogota is unique in recording and reporting the socioeconomic status of COVID-19
patients. As others in Latin America and Asia, the city imposed a blanket lockdown
before contagion picked up in early 2020 and kept it in place for six months. We
document that, during that period, being hospitalized or dying from COVID-19 was over
eight times more likely for an individual in the lowest group of the socioeconomic
classification, compared to one in the highest. We relate this to higher exposure to

On February 25, 2020, the Brazilian Ministry of Health confirmed that a 61-year-old man was positive for SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 had arrived to Latin America. As of 3 July 2020, there have been 2.7 million confirmed cases in Latin America, compared to 1.3 million in the European Union and 2.8 million in the USA (JH-CSSE 2020). Furthermore, so far there have been more than 120,000 deaths in the region and the trends show that the first wave of the pandemic is far from over (ibid.).

We use individual-level data to estimate the effects of long- and short-term exposure to air pollution (PM2.5) on the probability of dying from COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to look at this relationship using individual-level data. We find that for Mexico City there is evidence of a positive relationship between pollution and mortality that significantly grows with age and that appears to be mostly driven by long- rather than short-term exposure.

This document seeks to analyze the context of the waste sector in the country, including the management of the wastes, their emissions, the environmental and social externalities, the actors, the relevant regulations, and the advances of the action plan of the sector, among other aspects; second, review the literature regarding the use and the impact of the fiscal instruments in the managing sector in different countries. This provides lessons that can be useful for the adaptation of similar instruments in this sector for decarbonization and green recuperation in Costa Rica.