Are COVID-19 spread and mortality related to different countries’ government mobility restriction policies, democratic institutions, and cultural norms? Leveraging data from 140 countries, we find that policy, institutions, and vulnerabilities interact to determine pandemic spread and mortality. A delay in restricting international mobility increases pandemic mortality. Combining vulnerabilities with a delay in domestic mobility restrictions increases mortality.

This paper uses data from an employee tracking survey in China for about 6000 incumbent workers to document their dynamic labor market outcomes throughout the year 2020. I find that the employment situation worsened sharply during the lockdown period and then recovered gradually, showing a “V” shaped pattern. However, by the end of November 2020, about 4.4 per cent of 2019 incumbent workers were still unemployed, with few social protections.

This study examined the causal relationship between air pollution and labor productivity, by adopting prison factory data for a perfect measure of labor productivity. To address the endogeneity of air pollution, an instrumental variable strategy was used. The results showed that a 10-unit increase in air pollution index led to a significant decrease in labor productivity by 4%.

Significance

When SPAs are small and budget-constrained, they cannot resolve all of the marines cape's open-access issues, but they can create win-win opportunities for ecological and economic goals at lower levels of enforcement. Spatial policies -taxes, gear restrictions, license restrictions, and livelihood programs- improve the MPA's ability to generate ecological gains, and licenses and livelihood policies can mitigate MPA-induced income burdens.

In order to formulate climate change policies, more information is needed about the challenges related to extreme weather events to Central America agriculture. However, the gap of information need to be fulfilled.

The Training Manual on Climate Smart Agriculture Practices for Belize is intended to be used by technicians and teams working within the Extension Office of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, the Environment, Sustainable Development and Immigration (MAFFESDI) of Belize, as well as personnel from both Agriculture and Cooperative Departments. Additionally, the manual can be used by technicians linked to producer organizations or agriculture research and development centers.