Flooding is an endemic global challenge with annual damages totalling billions of dollars. Impacts are felt most acutely in in low and middle-income countries, where rapid demographic change is driving increased exposure. These areas also tend to lack high precision hazard mapping data with which to better understand or manage risk. To address this information gap a number of Global Flood Models have been developed in recent years. However, there is substantial uncertainty over the performance of these data products.

I develop a theory to study the determination of land rights in precolonial Vietnam, in which the state uses restrictive land rights to tie landless peasants to their land, in order to collect head taxes and enforce unpaid labor services and military conscription.

An overview of environmental policy in Brazil since President Jair Bolsonaro took office in January 2019 suggests that the rise to power of a new political elite has led to a radical change in Brazil’s trajectory of climate change initiatives and environmental protection. The new elite is associated with the disruption of two factors historically relevant for the design of environmental policy: the participation of civil society in the governance of public policy and multilateralism in matters of environment policy.

The report presents the findings of applying a gamified approach to citizen engagement in policy making to facilitate public consultations on sustainable transportation in the Lake District National Park. The workshops trialling the new approach were conducted in two locations: Windemere and Keswick. A total of 33 participants took part in the workshops. The report includes the comments of local residents, small businesses and commuters on the series of policies addressing different aspect of sustainable consultation in the region.