With increasing scarcity and spatial dispersion of tree resources, Uganda's forest sector – similarly to several other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa – has experienced a shift from the large-scale concessionary model historically used to access and harvest forests, to more
versatile models involving smaller-scale operators. The timber they produce is sold not only locally in producer countries but also across borders and beyond. Yet small-scale operators largely work outside established regulatory frameworks and as such remain invisible to national and international

Many macroeconomic variables undergo business cycle episodes (fluctuations), which makes the variables change dramatically. Hence, the causality between these variables could be hidden by the presence of structural breaks, regime change, reforms, or crises in general. Therefore, fitting a linear model may not capture the entire characteristics of the data. To this end, the study employs the Markov-switching Vector Autoregressive (MS-VAR) model, which allows for time-dependent regime shift to reexamine the energy-growth nexus in Ghana from 1971-2020.