Women's participation in small-scale aquaculture is growing, but women producers remain in a disadvantaged position compared to men. Reducing gender gaps is at the core of many development programs, but little is known regarding the source of these differences. This paper investigates the main drivers of gender gaps in seaweed small-scale aquaculture by focusing on the analysis of differences between male and women, and across a series of psychological traits.

What are the most significant achievements and challenges women have faced over the last 20 years? This chapter aims to provide a more in-depth explanation of women's pathway to empowerment in seven main areas: politics, health, education, work, post-conflict, agriculture, and reduction of sexual violence. Despite the significant progress in gender equality, nowadays there are critical challenges that can only be addressed by cultural and educational changes.

This paper identified socioeconomic, institutional and technological factors affecting women labor utilization in an on-farm and less rewarding staple crop value chain activities such as clearing, cultivation, planting and weeding compared to more rewarding off-farm post-harvest activities that facilitate input and output market such as threshing, shelling, processing, storage and marketing using data collected from 400 randomly selected women farmers in southeast Nigeria during 2019/20 crop year.