Forest governance approaches for conservation and rural livelihood in communities of Enugu and Cross River States

The study examined forest governance strategies for conservation in selected communities in Enugu and Cross River States, Nigeria. A total of 396 forest-fringe household heads were surveyed using a multi-stage sampling method, focusing on communities within two forest ecosystems characterized by different governance models. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using percentages, to assess respondents' access to forest resources and perceptions of governance. Findings revealed that the Cross River National Park (CRNP) adopted a zero-encroachment policy—prohibiting hunting (83.0%), logging (70.6%), farming (28.9%), and bush burning (14.4%)—which significantly restricted local access to forest-based livelihoods. In contrast, Enugu State exhibited a near absence of formal forest governance, with no prohibitions or ticketing systems in place, resulting in unchecked exploitation and a heavy dependence on forest resources (35.1% of collected forest products are used regularly). Despite the CRNP’s restrictive policies, weak enforcement (resulting in a 0.0% prohibition of unauthorized activities) undermined conservation efforts. The study concluded that exclusionary policies alone are inadequate for sustainable forest management. It recommends that CRNP administrators integrate local communities into decision-making processes, enhance enforcement mechanisms, and develop alternative livelihood options to support both conservation goals and rural well-being.