Abstract

Being mostly rural, Dar es Salaam has always been characterized by greenery and more recently by green space development. However, the values of these spaces are often not known. Note that these unknown values are common to sub-Saharan Africa. In order to make informed decisions in the management of these spaces, it is important that the values are assessed and documented. In this study, we do so by estimating the economic value of recreational parks in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Based on a meta-analysis, this paper highlights the strength and relevance of several social incentive factors concerning pro-environmental behaviors, including social influence, network factors (like network size, network connection and leadership), trust in others, and trust in institutions. Firstly, our results suggest that social influence is necessary for the emergence of pro-environmental behaviors. More specifically, an internal social influence (i.e., motivating people to change their perceptions and attitudes) is essential to promote pro-environmental behaviors.

Key messages

Due to the increasing speed and impacts of climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and countries around the world are calling for active participation from all sectors in helping to resolve global environmental problems. The shipping industry, which plays a leading role in world commerce by transporting 90% of goods globally, has the potential to contribute significantly in the battle to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change.